The authors also note (2004b, p. 29) that "the self does not have a trait base but rather a narrative base." Campbell and Ungar consider traits among many components of a client's story and one's skillset does not determine one's future -- and future is possible (2004b, p. 32) because "occupational identities are created not discovered (p. 34). In addition, in a critique of the trait and factor approach published before the emergence of postmodern/narrative approaches, Chartrand (1991, p. 519) notes that the literature has criticized trait and factor because of its apparent assumptions include the idea that "occupational choice is a single event, that a single type of person works in each job, that there is a single right goal for every career decision." For Cochran (1997. p. ix) the narrative approach is not concerned with the "matching" approach of a model like trait and factor, but with "emplotment." Here are the stages of Campbell and Ungar's (2004, p. 30) narrative approach, "A Postmodern Approach to Career Counseling:" 1. Know what you want 2. Know what you have 3. Know what you hear 4. Know what constrains you 5. Map your preferred story 6. Grow into your story 7. Grow out of your story